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Cystic fibrosis, body composition, and health outcomes: a systematic review
•Different body compositions in patients with cystic fibrosis.•Strong association between low fat-free mass and impaired respiratory function.•Patients with cystic fibrosis appear to have a decrease in bone mineral density.
Patients with cystic fibrosis are characterized by an increased risk of nutrient malabsorption and inflammation, which may influence body composition. We examined the differences in body composition between patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy controls and how body composition differences may impact disease risk and mortality.
Three different electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were used to find articles from inception until March 2017. The search strategy excluded articles that reported data on anthropometric measures only such as body weight, height, or waist circumference. Information on the characteristics of the study populations (e.g., age, sex, body mass index), type of study design, body composition methods, body compartments, and health outcomes was extracted.
Thirty-nine articles were included in the systematic review. The total number of patients with cystic fibrosis and controls that were included in these studies was 1839 and 2178, respectively. Only one study explored the association between body composition and risk of mortality whereas the majority of the studies examined the association between body composition and respiratory function (33%). Patients with cystic fibrosis had less fat-free mass and bone mineral density compared with the controls and fat-free mass was associated with decreased inspiratory muscle strength.
Patients with cystic fibrosis may be at an increased risk of sarcopenia and osteopenia. The measurement of body composition could improve the assessment of nutritional status and reduce the risk for respiratory and metabolic complications in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Journal Article
Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006
Quantification of lean body mass and fat mass can provide important insight into epidemiological research. However, there is no consensus on generalisable anthropometric prediction equations to validly estimate body composition. We aimed to develop and validate practical anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults (men, n 7531; women, n 6534) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006. Using a prediction sample, we predicted each of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-measured lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat based on different combinations of anthropometric measures. The proposed equations were validated using a validation sample and obesity-related biomarkers. The practical equation including age, race, height, weight and waist circumference had high predictive ability for lean body mass (men: R
2=0·91, standard error of estimate (SEE)=2·6 kg; women: R
2=0·85, SEE=2·4 kg) and fat mass (men: R
2=0·90, SEE=2·6 kg; women: R
2=0·93, SEE=2·4 kg). Waist circumference was a strong predictor in men only. Addition of other circumference and skinfold measures slightly improved the prediction model. For percent fat, R
2 were generally lower but the trend in variation explained was similar. Our validation tests showed robust and consistent results with no evidence of substantial bias. Additional validation using biomarkers demonstrated comparable abilities to predict obesity-related biomarkers between direct DXA measurements and predicted scores. Moreover, predicted fat mass and percent fat had significantly stronger associations with obesity-related biomarkers than BMI did. Our findings suggest the potential application of the proposed equations in various epidemiological settings.
Journal Article
Girls, moral panic, and news media : troublesome bodies
\"In this book, Sharon Mazzarella examines the representational politics behind journalistic constructions of US girls and girlhood through a series of contemporary in-depth case studies which work to document a wider cultural moral panic about the troublesome nature of girls' bodies. The public concern and media fascination with youth so evident in the United States today is a century-old phenomenon. From the flappers of the 1920s to the bobbysoxers of the 1950s, from the hippies of the 1960s and on to the ever-present pregnant teens, this fascination has played out in the media and has consistently focused on (primarily White, middle-class, heterosexual) girls. A growing body of research, for example, has revealed the manner in which journalistic practice constructs such girls as problems. Girls, Moral Panic, and News Media takes a broad look at U.S. news media constructions of girls, girlhoods, and girl's bodies/sexualities through a series of contemporary in-depth case studies including, but not limited to news coverage of the 2008 Gloucester (MA) High School \"pregnancy pact,\" teen gun control activist Emma Gonzâalez, and the sexualization of \"early puberty.\" In general, the news media constructs girls' bodies as troublesome and in need of adult surveillance and policing. Taken as a whole these case studies document a cultural obsession with girls' bodies-an obsession that often approaches moral panic. This book will be key reading for researchers and instructors in a wide range of disciplines. While the primary audience will be those in the area of the rapidly growing international and interdisciplinary field of Girls' Studies, scholars and students of Media Studies, Cultural Studies, Women's/Gender/Sexuality Studies, Communication and Journalism will also find this an important study\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Effects of Prepregnancy Body Mass Index, Weight Gain, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Pregnancy Outcomes
Background: It is unclear that how prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect pregnancy outcomes in China. Thus, we explored how BMI, GWG, and GDM affect the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective, population-based study included all births in Xiamen, China, 2011–2018. Demographic data and pregnancy outcomes of 73,498 women were acquired from the Medical Birth Registry of Xiamen. Women were categorized into groups on prepregnancy BMI and GWG in order to assess the risk of pregnancy outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors. Results: Overall, 6,982 (9.37%) women were obese, and 8,874 (12.07%) women were overweight. Obese women are more vulnerable to cesarean delivery, preterm birth, large-for-gestational age (LGA), and macrosomia (crude OR [cOR] 2.00, 1.89–2.12; 1.35, 1.20–1.51; 2.12, 1.99–2.26; 2.53, 2.25–2.86, respectively, adjusted ORs 1.73, 1.62–1.84; 1.25, 1.10–1.42; 2.03, 1.90–2.18; 2.77, 2.44–3.16, respectively). Similar results were observed in overweight women (cORs 1.49, 1.42–1.57; 1.02, 0.91–1.15; 1.60, 1.50–1.70; 2.01, 1.78–2.26, respectively). Furthermore, women who gain weight in excessive group were 1.43, 2.06, and 2.16 times to deliver cesarean, LGA, and macrosomia, respectively. Additionally, GDM women were easily subjected to cesarean section, preterm birth, LGA, low birth weight, and macrosamia (cORs 1.52, 1.55, 1.52, 1.37, 1.27, respectively). Conclusions: Obesity prior to pregnancy, excessive GWG, and GDM were all associated with increased odds of cesarean, LGA, and macrosomia. Blood glucose and weight control before and during pregnancy are needed that may reduce the complications of pregnancy.
Journal Article
Seeing stars : sports celebrity, identity, and body culture in modern Japan
In \"Seeing Stars\", Dennis J. Frost traces the emergence and evolution of sports celebrity in Japan from the seventeenth through the twenty-first centuries. Frost explores how various constituencies have repeatedly molded and deployed representations of individual athletes, revealing that sports stars are socially constructed phenomena, the products of both particular historical moments and broader discourses of celebrity. Drawing from media coverage, biographies, literary works, athletes' memoirs, bureaucratic memoranda, interviews, and films, Frost argues that the largely unquestioned mass of information about sports stars not only reflects, but also shapes society and body culture. He examines the lives and times of star athletes - including sumo grand champion Hitachiyama, female Olympic medalist Hitomi Kinue, legendary pitcher Sawamura Eiji, and world champion boxer Gushiken Yokoo - demonstrating how representations of such sports stars mediated Japan's emergence into the putatively universal realm of sports, unsettled orthodox notions of gender, facilitated wartime mobilization of physically fit men and women, and masked lingering inequalities in postwar Japanese society. As the first critical examination of the history of sports celebrity outside a Euro-American context, this book also sheds new light on the transnational forces at play in the production and impact of celebrity images and dispels misconceptions that sports stars in the non-West are mere imitations of their Western counterparts.
Book
Reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes
Despite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes.
Body weight and height were measured in 898 athletes (264 female, 634 male), anthropometric variables were assessed in 798 athletes (240 female and 558 male), and in 481 athletes (142 female and 339 male) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 21 different sports were represented. Reference percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th) were calculated for each measured value, stratified by sex and sport. Because sample sizes within a sport were often very low for some outcomes, the percentiles were estimated using a parametric, empirical Bayesian framework that allowed sharing information across sports.
We derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following DXA outcomes: total (whole body scan) and regional (subtotal, trunk, and appendicular) bone mineral content, bone mineral density, absolute and percentage fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean soft tissue. Additionally, we derived reference percentiles for height-normalized indexes by dividing fat mass, fat-free mass, and appendicular lean soft tissue by height squared. We also derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following anthropometry outcomes: weight, height, body mass index, sum of skinfold thicknesses (7 skinfolds, appendicular skinfolds, trunk skinfolds, arm skinfolds, and leg skinfolds), circumferences (hip, arm, midthigh, calf, and abdominal circumferences), and muscle circumferences (arm, thigh, and calf muscle circumferences).
These reference percentiles will be a helpful tool for sports professionals, in both clinical and field settings, for body composition assessment in athletes.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus continuous energy restriction on anthropometric measurements, body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis
The effects of an intermittent fasting (IF) diet in the overweight or obese adult population are still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an IF diet to reduce anthropometric parameters (body mass index, body weight, and waist circumference), change body composition (fat mass, lean body mass and muscle mass) and lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides), and to adhere to the diet in comparison to continuous energy restriction (CER) in overweight or obese adults. A research question PICO (patients, intervention, comparison, outcome) was established. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scielo databases were searched to identify randomized clinical trials that compared an IF diet with a CER diet or a regular diet. DeCS and MeSH descriptors and Boolean operators (AND and OR) were used. From 859 studies identified through the literature search, 18 articles were finally selected. Overall, IF diets were associated with higher weight loss in four studies and similar reduction in waist circumference in one study, compared with a CER regimen. Fat mass tended to decrease more in the IF groups in five studies. However, the lean and muscle mass loss was similar in both groups. Only three studies observed significant differences in lipid profile variables, mostly in the IF groups. Adherence to the diet was inconclusive. An IF diet may provide a benefit by improving anthropometry, body composition, and lipid profile in overweight or obese adult population, likewise a CER diet.
Journal Article